...isenfranchised villagers have registered their dissatisfaction with local government corruption through various methods of resistance, from letter-writing campaigns to acts of violence against government buildings. During the 1989 student protests, the largest mass protest movement in recent times, NYU social science and history professor Craig Calhoun found that the corruption issue was featured front and center. An end to government corruption...
...e years; but the bloody transition still affects the way political campaigns are conducted today. Taiwan did not allow free speech in print media until 1988, did not permit parties other than the KMT to legally assemble until 1989, and did not recognize the right for people to elect their own government until 1991. Though considered bloody and violent by many critics at the time, this gradual democratic transition established great pride among ma...
...American diplomacy has done little to assuage the geographical and historical insecurity that drives most of Pakistan’s policies. For Pakistan, the darkest point in the history of its troubled relationship with America was in 1989, at the end of the Soviet-Afghan war. During that conflict, America enlisted Pakistani support against the Soviets in Afghanistan and poured massive amounts of aid money and arms into the country. Once the war ended, ho...
...an’s failure to learn and adapt following the Cold War. The nation fails to recognize that neither scare tactics nor overdependence on America are sustainable and effective. Trade and economic advancement are necessary. Since 1989, Rashid notes, Pakistan has struggled to balance its civilian politics with the inadequate foreign policy stances it established during the India-Pakistan partition in 1947. The Pakistani elite has neglected to take car...
...er obstinacy with spending cuts as proof of her tendency to be blinded by dogma. She seemed to cross the fine line between conviction and stubbornness. It was this stubbornness that eventually led to Thatcher’s downfall. In 1989, she decided to introduce a flat tax that required people of all income distributions to pay the same level of tax for local government services. It was the beginning of the end for Mrs. Thatcher and was perhaps her mom...
...e spending excesses of neo-conservatism—a logically predictable intra-party power struggle. The Heritage Foundation’s Stuart Butler, who now heads its Center for Policy Innovation, wrote two critical white papers—the first in 1989 and the second in 1992—both proposing healthcare reform centered around a requirement that all individuals buy insurance. The National Review’s Ponnuru may be correct that the iconic conservative magazine never formally...
...county, city, town or other political subdivision…may limit or restrict the…federal immigration laws” from being regulated to the maximum extent possible. In the case United States v. 1982 Ford Pick-Up, (6th Cir. 1989), two pick-up trucks were seized after the immigration officer believed that the trucks were transporting illegal immigrants. The owners’ argument before court was that the immigration officer did not have sufficient pr...
...s of heated deliberation, Uruguay’s Chamber of Deputies voted to overturn an amnesty on war crimes committed during the brief military junta that ruled from 1975 to 1983. This follows two ballot questions on the issue, one in 1989 and the other in 2009, which showed support for a general amnesty. This has sparked a larger debate about the legacies of right-wing military dictatorships in Latin America. Why is this a debate? Living in a country tha...
...r the company confessed to making over one hundred payments amounting to $1.7 million to Colombian paramilitaries for “security services” between 1997 and 2004. The company also admitted to paying Colombian guerrillas between 1989 and 1997. The Colombian paramilitaries, or AUC, have long been known for controlling the largest share of the country’s cocaine export business, using gruesome methods to kill those who stand in their way. Nonetheless,...
...uo in which he was a key player. The Western media lionizes Mousavi’s role as a political activist, naively neglecting his participation during the darkest days of the IRI. During Mousavi’s term as Prime Minister from 1981 to 1989, religious elites comfortably consolidated power while millions of young soldiers were killed in the Iran-Iraq War and millions more suffered in a political atmosphere characterized by violent repression. Infamously, in...
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